Conventional assays require a time-consuming processing step for isolating biomarkers or employ specialized equipment with sophisticated analysis techniques for biomarker identification, thereby limiting their adoption for high throughput.
Intracellular pathogenic bacteria invade mammalian host cells in membrane bound vesicles called phagosomes (or endosomes). Among the various anti-microbial strategies, the host exerts its defense against intracellular bacteria by directing the phagosomes to fuse with the lysosomes for degradation.